This article examines the intersection of poverty, parenting, and artisanal mining in Sierra Leone, with a focus on how survival strategies shape children‟s educational exclusion. Drawing on qualitative research conducted in Lower Bambara Chiefdom, the study introduces the concept of “survival parenting” to describe parental rationalizations of child labor in mining as a necessary adaptation to livelihood precarity. The analysis situates parenting within broader structural conditions, drawing on Bourdieu‟s notion of habitus, Nixon‟s concept of slow violence, and Mills‟ sociological imagination to link household decisions with historical and political-economic constraints. Findings reveal how poverty, gendered labor divisions, and weak institutional support normalize child participation in mining while undermining schooling trajectories. By integrating insights from caregiving, education, and resource governance, the study highlights the limitations of fragmented policy responses and calls for holistic, context-sensitive interventions that address structural inequalities shaping childhoods in mining-dependent communities.
Keywords: Artisanal mining; survival parenting; child labor; education; Sierra Leone; structural inequality

This paper examines the intersections between ancient and Non-Western moral philosophies and modern educative leadership theories, offering insights for strengthening ethical leadership. It explores Greek moral thought (Presocratic, Socratic, and Post-Socratic) alongside Egyptian, Indian (Hinduism and Buddhism), and Chinese philosophies, revealing key alignments. Confucianism and Buddhism’s emphasis on moral growth aligns with transformative leadership, while Socratic ethics parallels instructional leadership’s focus on knowledge. Hindu Dharma and Confucian Li, stressing duty, resonate with distributed leadership’s collaborative nature. Ethical leadership draws from Egyptian Ma’at and Aristotle’s virtue ethics, both emphasizing fairness and character. By linking these traditions with Western leadership models, the study highlights the potential for more inclusive, culturally responsive, and ethically grounded leadership.
Keywords: Ancient Greek ethics, Ancient Non-Western ethics, educative leadership, transformational leadership, instructional leadership, distributed leadership, ethical leadership

This study examines the relationship between debt financing and the financial performance of listed consumer goods firms in Nigeria. It investigates the effects of short-term debt, long-term debt, and total debt on key performance measures such as return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE). Secondary data covering the period 2013–2022 were collected from the annual reports of selected firms. Using panel regression analysis, the findings revealed that short-term debt exerts a positive but statistically insignificant effect on firm performance, while long-term and total debt exert a negative effect. These results suggest that excessive reliance on debt undermines profitability in the consumer goods sector. The study concludes that an optimal debt structure is necessary for financial sustainability and recommends that firms rely more on internal financing and carefully balance debt with equity to reduce the risks of financial distress.
Keywords: Debt Financing, Capital Structure, Return on Assets, Return on Equity, Consumer Goods Firms

The study examines the influence of internal control systems on revenue generation in public sector enterprises, with particular attention to control environment, risk management, and information communication. Data from 128 Lagos State Ministry of Finance staff were gathered using a quantitative research method. Using regression analysis, the data was used to establish how revenue generation related to internal control measures. The results suggests that financial stability is much influenced by the control of environment (B = 0.402, p = 0.000), which enforces ethics and responsibility. Risk management (B = 0.424, p = 0.000) is essential to reduce financial uncertainty and fraud by means of efficient resource allocation. Furthermore, improving general revenue performance is better decision-making and openness which comes from information and communication (B = 0.340, p =0.000). The study recommends that periodic appraisals, capacity-building initiatives, and implementation of technology-driven financial systems will help public sector agencies strengthen their internal control framework according to the research. Strengthening these policies will help public sector businesses produce more revenue, better financial viability, and operate effectively and accountably.
Keywords: Control Environment, Risk Management, Internal Control System, Revenue Performance, Financial Stability

Le secteur agricole présente une caractéristique double : celle d’être un secteur de rente destiné à soutenir le financement de l’économie industrielle, mais également celui d’être un secteur social appeler à accomplir un rôle vivrier, de subsistance, d’autosuffisance ou de sécurité alimentaire selon les possibilités. Pour avoir fonctionnée de la sorte durant plus d’un siècle sous cette double vocation, avec une tendance à l’expansion de l’agriculture de rente au détriment de l’agriculture vivrière traditionnelle (BA, 2006)

The purpose of this study is to explore rivers as a strategic asset that can drive economic growth and prosperity. The Community Pond Fisheries Cultivation Program (BU PETRA) is a Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiative implemented by PT Pertamina Patra Niaga Fuel Terminal Lomanis to utilize the potential of freshwater fisheries around the Citanduy River as a strategy for economic empowerment and environmental conservation. This study uses a descriptive qualitative method. The data sources used are primary data collected from interviews and observations. Secondary data are obtained from documents related to the research topic. The results of this program integrate training in eel, catfish, tilapia, and mujair cultivation; training in feed production with appropriate nutritional formulations; provision of production infrastructure; and ongoing mentoring involving various stakeholders, ranging from international organizations, local governments, cooperatives, and community groups. The implementation results show increased household income, strengthened technical and organizational capacity of groups, the formation of a more robust fisheries value chain, and growing awareness of aquatic resource conservation. These findings confirm that a CSR model based on local resource potential, such as Bu Petra, is effective in addressing the gap in river utilization in Indonesia
Keywords: CSR, community empowerment, river area